- An overabundance of a protein called amyloid beta 42, which in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients clumps together to form plaques that disrupt brain function
- Accumulation of amyloid beta protein in ganglion cells, the cells that bridge visual input from the retina to the optic nerve
- Higher numbers of astrocytes and immune cells, called microglia, tightly surrounding amyloid beta plaques
- As many as 80% fewer microglial cells clearing amyloid beta proteins from the retina and brain
- Specific molecules and biological pathways responsible for inflammation, and cell and tissue death
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